What we have are mounds that can be dated back many millions of years. Lincoln, The University of Nebraska Press, 2002. [35] When colonial settlers first crossed the Appalachians, after almost a century and a half in North America, they were astounded at these monumental constructions, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Stone and ceramics were also fashioned into intricate shapes. The more advanced societies of the Lower Southeast and Mississippi Basin had professional architects, who laid out the structures in advance, then directed the work crews. Source: Unknown.
[19] Archaeologist Dr. Edward McMichael characterized them as an intrusive Hopewell-like trade culture or a vanguard of Hopewellian tradition that had probably peacefully absorbed the local Adena in the Kanawha River Valley. There were also large complexes in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia and northern Florida. The people are thought to have been influenced by the Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. [18] Many other figurines give details of dress, ornamentation, and hairstyles. This period begins a rapid fading away of influence by an elite priest cult burial phase centered towards the Midwest states. It is thought to have been constructed sometime between 800 and 1300 CE by members of the Cole culture. [32], The Montane Hopewell on the Tygart Valley area, an upper branch of the Monongahela River, of northern West Virginia, is similar to Armstrong. Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are mounds built for uncertain purposes. Basic introductions: These include objects of adornment made of copper, mica and obsidian, imported to the region hundreds of miles away. The various cultures collectively termed "Mound Builders" were inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious, ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes. It consists of an earthen ring over 300 feet (100m) in diameter with conical mounds of varying size dispersed around the crest of the ring. The Fort Ancient Culture were most likely the builders of the Great Serpent Mound. Copper and galena artifacts are often associated with Copena burials. [37]. Most of their works had some religious significance, and their graves were filled with necklaces, ornate carvings made from bone or wood, decorated ceremonial pottery, ear plugs, and pendants. Apparently, the villages were small seasonal settlements and did not contain mounds.
The gigantic sculpted earthworks often took the shape of animals, birds, or writhing serpents. This increased social stability and reinforced sedentism, social stratification, specialized use of resources, and probably population growth.
Many of the mounds also contain various types of burials.
It may have led people to live in larger, more permanent communities for protection as warfare became more deadly. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the many local cultural expressions of the Hopewell communities. The park is in southernmost Delaware County on the east bank of the Olentangy River. Common sense would tell you, that whatever their purpose , these structures were influenced heavily by flooding. It is a multicomponent site with Kansas City Hopewell (around 100 to 500 CE) and Steed-Kisker (around 1200 CE) occupation.
The Prehistory of West Virginia spans ancient times until the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century. They also constructed some cone shaped, earthen burial mounds. [10] Christopher Turner noted that the Fairground Circle in Newark, Ohio aligns to the sunrise on May 4, i.e. Around 0 AD, a massive pyramidal shaped mound that covered two acres was begun on the Etowah River in northwestern Georgia. It is likely that the shells in shell mounds were thrown there after large community feasts. The community has two parks, one dedicated to 20th-century African-American athlete Jesse Owens and the other to Middle Woodland period and Cherokee Native Americans. Between 900 AD and 1600 AD most mounds in the Lower Southeast were plastered with bands of brightly colored clays. The Native peoples in the Lower Southeast possibly traded with those of the Hopewell Culture, but built permanent communities and ceremonial centers that resembled more the architecture of that time in Mexico. When they buried honored people in the mounds, the Hopewell included items that tell us about their lives.The Hopewell were part of a huge trading network that stretched across the … Their modern descendants are the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, edited by Claire Smith, pp. Often the earthworks are aligned to the apparent movements of the Sun and Moon, which shows that the builders were careful observers of the sky and may have wanted their ceremonial spaces to forge a connection between the heavens above and the earth below. In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period. [5] Mounds Hopewell mounds from the Mound City Group in Ohio. [15] An example of their abstract human forms is the "Mica Hand" from the Hopewell Site in Ross County, Ohio. Some time between 300 BCE and 1 CE, Point Peninsula pottery first appeared in Maine, and "over the entire Maritime Peninsula." Mound 2, the largest remaining, measures 100 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height. Enter your email address to subscribe to AccessGenealogy and receive notifications of new posts by email.
The Hopewell obtained mica from western North Carolina. [3] [4] It is used to describe a wide scattering of people who lived near rivers in temporary settlements of 1-3 households and practiced a mixture of hunting, gathering and crop growing. Modern studies show that 80% of cranial samples from Hopewell remains indicate a cephalic index in the range of being dolicocephalic. [17] Some artwork went beyond the ordinary exotic, as Hopewell artists were expert carvers of human bone. California at one time had upwards of 300,000 inigenous people. Hopewell settlements were small villages or hamlets of a few rectangular homes made of posts with wattle and daub walls and thatched roofs. Map showing the distribution of the Hopewell peoples (maximum extent). Several scientists, including Dr. Bradley T. Lepper, Curator of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society, hypothesize that the Octagon earthwork, part of the Newark Earthworks at Newark, Ohio, was a lunar observatory oriented to the 18.6-year cycle of minimum and maximum lunar risings and settings on the local horizon. The site was one of the largest earthwork ceremonial centers constructed by the Hopewell and is located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, in present-day Ohio. 1922-1925. Guidebook on the Hopewell culture prepared for Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, National Park Service, Eastern National, 1999.
Many of the Hopewell earthwork centers included large burial mounds containing the remains of special people, including religious leaders, who often were buried with special objects of great spiritual significance. [11] In 1983, Turner demonstrated that the Hopeton earthworks encode various sunrise and moonrise patterns, including the winter and summer solstices, the equinoxes, the cross-quarter days, the lunar maximum events, and the lunar minimum events due to their precise straight and parallel lines. The massive geometric earthworks of the Hopewell Culture apparently defined locations of major regional trade festivals and religious gatherings.
[37], The Saugeen complex was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of Lake Huron and the Bruce Peninsula, around the London area, and possibly as far east as the Grand River. These ancient Native Americans also built earthworks on the tops of hills with their shapes determined by the shapes of the hilltops.
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