The most important cause of this complication is direct TFA transection [9]. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The TFA evaluation in this retrospective study was performed on patients who had had a head computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Injury Centre of Emergency Medicine and Disaster, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, between January 2018 and July 2018. Supervision, Conceptualization, Moreover, in the present study, one TFA originated from maxillary artery. Conceptualization, It usually arises directly from the external carotid artery, and therefore would deserve the status of terminal branch with the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries. The power analysis indicated that in order to detect a simple correlation r (r = 0.2) using a two-sided test, 5% significance level test (α = 0.05), and 80% power (β = 0.2), the required minimal sample size was approximately 193. The scanner settings were 120 kV, 200 mA, and 64x0.625-mm slice collimation. It is involved in the equilibrium between these two systems. Yes

e0211974. Resources,

The origin of the TFA in the current study was also quite constant, and the TFA originated from superficial temporal artery in 91.7% of cases. The transverse facial artery is in a transitional position relative to the vessels of the scalp and those of the face proper.

Finally, the presented morphometrical features of studied arteries should not be used as a universal tool because variations may occur in individual patients. Funding acquisition, Lee et al. Writing – review & editing, Roles

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript.

In 1.0% (2/192, left = 2, right = 0) the TFA was shorter than 20 mm, in 28.1% (54/192, left = 34, right = 20) shorter than 40 mm, and in 43.8% (84/192, left = 46, right = 38) it was shorter than 60 mm.

The TFA has a significant role in lateral face vascularization, and absence of this vessel is very uncommon. Visualization, The TFA was present on the left side in 97% (97/100) and on the right side in 95% (95/100) of all analyzed heads. Significant correlations are highlighted in bold print. Commencement from the superficial temporal artery within the parotid gland.

Similar values were observed on both sides, except for the mean artery length, which was longer on the right side than on the left side. The TFA was significantly longer on the right than on the left side (56.6 ± 26.0 versus 47.3 ± 22.2 mm; p = 0.03). It passes forwards in the face. One-hundred computed tomography head angiographies were analyzed. The data was analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) volume-rendering image postprocessing on an Advantage Workstation AW4.5 (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA).

Second, the depth at which the TFA runs and its location in individual tissue layers could not be recorded using CTA. Investigation,

To compare TFA features between left and right sides, the paired t-test or Wilcoxon range test was used depending on whether data was normally distributed.

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The transverse facial artery (TFA) is a branch of the superficial temporal artery that perfuses the lateral face. Knowledge of topographical anatomy of the lateral face is crucial for safe procedural performance in aesthetic and plastic surgery, especially the face lift flap and face transplant. Using the 10th and 90th percentiles to calculate the average location of the TFA origin, the TFA should be found in the 8.8 mm wide area beginning 17.0 mm below the lower border of the zygomatic arch. and Lee et al.

Jakub Polak, Roles It is usually a small vessel, running transversely and ending in the buccal area.

Project administration, It terminates by anastamosing with facial and infra orbital arteries. The transverse facial artery (TFA) perfuses the lateral face. Resources, Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. facial labeled at center, to right of ear.

Writing – review & editing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211974.t001. Methodology,

The Malopolska Center for Burns and Plastic Surgery; The Ludwik Rydygier Hospital, Krakow, Poland, Roles Moreover, many anastomoses with the facial, masseteric, buccinator, and the infraorbital arteries are present, which, together with the TFA, perfuse the lateral face [1,2].

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211974.g002.

Resources, Formal analysis, The face flap procedure is usually performed bilaterally, which makes reasonable when comparing the TFA morphology on the left and right sides of the face [6].

Seventy milliliters of the nonionic contrast agent, iomeprol (Iomeron 350; 350 mg iodine/mL; Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy), was injected. It is situated above the parotid duct. Validation, Yes The TFA mean diameter was 1.0 ± 0.4 mm (range: 0.4–2.2 mm) with no differences between face sides. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click At the inferior rim of the orbit, it anastomoses with the corresponding branches coming from the facial and maxillary arteries.

This finding is in stark contrast with the data presented by Cormack and Lamberty in which 35.0% of TFAs originated from external carotid artery or its terminal bifurcation [13]. In face allotransplantation, TFA domination over hypoplastic or absence of a facial artery is an important factor. It lies on a masseter muscle, inferior to the lower border of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve and superior to the parotid duct.

No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211974, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845282, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780721605197, Plastic surgery and reconstructive techniques. In 91.7%, the TFA originated from the superficial temporal artery, and in 3.1%, it originated from the external carotid artery. Methodology, Currently face transplant is more frequently used to treat patients with acquired facial defects, and the TFA is also involved in these complex procedures [7,8]. (E and F) Three arteries arising from the same point: superficial temporal artery, maxillary artery and TFA. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211974, Editor: Raffaele Serra, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, ITALY, Received: October 18, 2018; Accepted: January 23, 2019; Published: February 7, 2019.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. No, Is the Subject Area "Arteries" applicable to this article?

No, Is the Subject Area "Plastic surgery and reconstructive techniques" applicable to this article? For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (B) Double TFA. Thus, surgical planning should be associated with accurate pre-operative imaging. First, no correlations between the TFA course and surrounding soft tissues and the course of facial nerve were investigated. Investigation, Citation: Koziej M, Polak J, Wnuk J, Trybus M, Walocha J, Chrapusta A, et al.

Validation, The TFA was significantly longer on the right than on the left side (56.6±26.0 versus 47.3±22.2 mm; p = 0.03). Finally, since midface injuries, including TFA injury, may also occur due to road traffic accidents or explosive incidents, this artery is also present in the area of interests of trauma surgeons [9]. The transverse facial artery is given off from the superficial temporal artery before that vessel leaves the parotid gland; running forward through the substance of the gland, it passes transversely across the side of the face, between the parotid duct and the lower border of the zygomatic arch, and divides into numerous branches, which supply the parotid gland and parotid duct, the masseter muscle, and the integument, and anastomose with the facial artery, the masseteric artery, the buccinator artery, and the infraorbital artery.

No, Is the Subject Area "Facial nerve" applicable to this article?

In their study, the vertical distance between the facial nerve zygomatic branch and TFA was very short, measuring on average 3 mm at the height of the zygion (the most lateral point of the zygomatic arch). Copyright: © 2019 Koziej et al. Visualization,

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